Mpisi Sulayman Ramadhan, BABIIHADevelopment Studies (UMU);, MA Ethics2022-04-222022-04-222010https://ir.gu.ac.ug/xmlui/handle/20.500.14270/140The main objective of the study was to establish whether the statement of the commissioner was backed by facts on the ground; whether PTAs were corrupt cliques that swindled school funds instead of developing the schools. This was investigated through three key areas of education standards: physical resources (infrastructural development), human resources (staff welfare and development), and non-physical resources to be represented by curriculum development. These were the three key areas in the Minimum Requirements and Standards set by the Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES 1998).enCommunity participation, secondary education, educational development, education standards, Parents-Teachers Associations (PTAsArticle