Anywar, Boniface2026-09-142026-09-142026-09-04http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14270/928This study examined the Climate variability and its perceived impact on honey production. A case study in Paicho and Palaro Sub-counties, Gulu District, Northern Uganda. The study centered on the lack of comprehensive, localized understanding of how climate variability specifically affects honeybee production. A mixed-method design was employed. Primary data was collected from133 purposively selected beekeepers using either structured questionnaires or key informant interviews. Rainfall and temperature data for the period 2000–2023 were obtained from the Uganda National Meteorological Authority. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis focusing on indicators of climate variability and adoption of low-cost strategies. It was noted that annual rainfall ranged from 1,025.2 mm to 1,698.1 mm in Paicho and 935.2 mm to 1,575.8 mm in Palaro, followed by marked increases in mean annual temperatures (Paicho: 29.94–36.99 °C; Palaro: 29.94–38.22°C). ANOVA results revealed no significant differences in the yearly rainfall amounts for both locations (p > 0.05), but high significant monthly differences (p < 0.05). Maximum and minimum temperatures of Paicho showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) across the 24-year periods. Palaro Sub-county showed yearly and monthly significant different in minimum and maximum temperatures (p > 0.05) throughout the study period, indicating variability in the area. The average annual and monthly temperatures exhibited similar patterns with the statistical analysis for both minimum and maximum temperatures, this means that the average temperatures show the same trend with minimum and maximum temperatures in all the Sub-counties. Beekeepers unanimously perceived climate variability as negatively affecting honey production, mainly through reduced flowering of plants (94.7%), disruption of bee behavior and increase pests and disease prevalence. Spatial patterns showed apiaries concentrated near water bodies and woody areas, underscoring the importance of environmental resources for colony resilience. Although, common coping measures included shading the hives (64.7%) and planting forage crops (36.8%), adoption of more effective approaches such as supplementary feeding (15%) and use of modern hives (3.8%) are constrained by limited finance. The study concludes that unpredictable rainfall and rising temperatures threaten honeybee production. Strengthened climate-smart extension services, increased access to modern hive technologies and climate financing among others are recommended to enhance adaptive capacity.enClimate variabilityhoneybee productionrainfalltemperatureadaptation strategies