Gulu University Digital Repository (GU-IR)
GU-IR preserves research output from the Gulu University community
Communities in GU-IR
Select a community to browse its collections.
Recent Submissions
Prevalence and factors associated with neonatal mortality at the neonatal intensive care unit at St. Mary’s Hospital Lacor, Northern Uganda.
(2025-05-19) Aguma Nicholas
Background
Worldwide, neonatal mortality is a major public health burden especially in the developing countries.
Several factors are associated with neonatal mortality at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The aim of this
study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with neonatal mortality among neonates admitted
to the NICU at St. Mary’s Hospital Lacor in Northern Uganda.
Method
The study collected quantitative data through retrospective descriptive review of records of 423 systematically
sampled neonates admitted to the NICU between January 1st 2023 and December 31st 2023. Socio demographics,
pregnancy related and neonatal variables of mothers and the neonates admitted to the NICU were entered
in a pre-tested data abstraction tool adapted and modified from a similar study. Neonatal mortality was described
as a proportion of the total number of neonates who were admitted. Logistic regression analyses using odds ratios
with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the association between possible factors associated with neonatal
mortality. An adjusted odds ratio (aOR), namely an odds ratio (OR) that has been adjusted to account for other
predictor variables, is provided. Data was analysed using SPSS 27.0 statistical software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results There were 74 (17.49%) neonatal deaths. 70.27% of the neonatal deaths were early neonatal deaths. Preterm
deaths contributed over 81.10% to the overall mortality.
Preterm birth (aOR = 3.81, 95% CI 1.14 − 12.78), low APGAR at 5 min (aOR = 4.52, 95% CI 2.04 − 10.01), and late initiation
of breastfeeding (OR = 2.79, 95% CI 1.50 − 5.18) were significant factors associated with neonatal death.
Conclusion
The neonatal mortality rate in NICU observed in this study was high. The majority of the deaths occurred
in the early neonatal period. More than 80% of deaths recorded were due to prematurity. Preterm birth, low birth
weight, low 5th minute APGAR score and late initiation of breastfeeding were significant risk factors for neonatal
death. Efforts to address preterm birth, quality neonatal resuscitation and early initiation of breastfeeding are critical
to achieving survival goals in newborns.
Keywords Associated factors, Mortality, Neonate, Neonatal intensive care
Oral health status and factors associated with oral health of primary school children in Gulu district, northern Uganda.
(BMC Oral health, 2024-10-04) Akera Peter
Background
Globally, oral diseases remain a major public health problem. However, there is limited information
about the oral health status and factors associated with oral disease among children in Uganda. The aim of this study
was to examine the oral health status and factors associated with oral health of primary school children in urban and
rural areas of the Gulu district of northern Uganda.
Methods
A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 356 school children aged 11–13 years
attending six schools located in urban and rural areas. The children received a clinical oral examination and
participated in a questionnaire survey that collected information on sociodemographic and oral health knowledge,
attitude, and practices. All data were entered and analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0.
Armonk, NY: IBM Corp statistical software. Logistic regression analyses examined factors associated with dental caries
and gingival bleeding.
Results
Of the 356 children (11–13 years) included, the mean age was 12.2 years, 140 (39.3%) were male and 176
(49.4%) were from urban areas. The proportion of school children with dental caries was 33.6% (n = 119), with the
mean decayed, missing due to caries, and filled teeth (DMFT) index of 0.81 (25th percentile = 0; 75th percentile = 1.00).
There was no significant difference in caries prevalence between rural and urban children (31.6% versus 35.6%,
p = 0.33). Of the children involved in the study, 141(39.8%) had gum bleeding. The mean oral knowledge score was
2.85 ± 1.53 (range, 0–7), while the mean attitude, hygiene practice, frequency of sweets consumption, and oral health
related impact scores were 4.25 ± 1.23 (range, 1–6), 5.40 ± 1.81 (range, 0–9), 25.66 ± 4.29 (range 9–54) and 2.1 ± 1.65
(range, 0–6), respectively. Using logistic regression analyses, as oral health knowledge score increased the odds of not
having dental caries increased (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.02–1.39).
Conclusion
The prevalence of dental caries and gum bleeding of primary school children in Gulu district is high.
Children lacked knowledge on causes of oral disease, and behaviour towards oral disease prevention. In addition, oral
health knowledge scores were significantly associated with dental caries. Oral health education programs in schools
should emphasise providing skills-based education.
Keywords Associated factors, Child, Dental caries, Gingivitis, Oral health, Primary school
Teaching methods and pupils' literacy achievement in primary schools in Laroo pece Division Gulu City
(Gulu University, 2026-10) Dorcas Tulina
The study investigated the influence of teaching methods on pupils’ literacy achievement in primary schools in Laroo-Pece division. The study was guided by the following specific objectives namely, to assess the status of teaching methods in primary schools in Laroo-Pece division, to assess the level of pupils’ literacy achievement in primary schools in Laroo-Pece division and to establish the relationship between teaching methods and pupil’s literacy achievement in primary schools in Laroo-Pece division. The study adopted a mixed methods approach and convergent mixed methods research design. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected using questionnaires and interviews from 479 respondents and participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings for research question one showed that the status of teaching methods was high while findings for research
question two showed that the level of pupils’ literacy achievement was very high in primary schools in Laroo-Pece division and findings for Hypothesis showed that there was a strong positive statistically significant relationship between Teaching methods and Pupils’ literacy Achievement in primary schools in Laroo-Pece Division. It was concluded that teaching methods fundamentally influence Pupils’ literacy achievements in primary schools in Laroo-Pece Division. The study recommended that Ministry of Education and Sports should invest significantly in CPD to improve teaching methods in order to improve literacy achievement in primary schools.
Employee Ethical Code of Conduct and Performance of Local Governments: A Case of Pader District Local Government
(Gulu University, 2026) Okidi Bajilo Oola
This study analyzed the influence of the employee ethical code of conduct on the performance of Pader District Local Government (PDLG). Specifically, the study: assessed the level of adherence to employee ethical code of conduct, the level of performance, the relationship between the employee ethical code of conduct and the performance of PDLG, and the mediating role of the Public Service standing order on the relationship between the ethical code of conduct and PDLG performance A Case study research design was used and a sample population of 63 consisting of heads of all departments, administrative staff, CAO and operational staff (implementers) of PDLG. Data were collected using questionnaire and interview guide tools and analyzed using computer software SPSS Version 20 and thematic content analysis for qualitative data. Generally, the study revealed a moderately high level of adherence to the ethical code of conduct and an average or moderate performance level of employees. Findings, additionally revealed a moderately strong relationship between the ethical
code of conduct and employee performance. The level of adherence to employee ethical conduct in PDLG showed 63.1%, hence moderately high. The Ethical Code of Conduct has a stronger, statistically significant impact at 0.647, enhancing organizational efficiency by promoting accountability and transparency. The study revealed a moderate significant positive relationship between ethical code of conduct and performance of PDLG (r= 0.647, p<0.000). The study
revealed a moderately positive influence of the public service standing order on the relationship between the ethical code of conduct and performance of PDLG. The study concludes that the ethical code of conduct significantly enhances performance in terms of efficiency, while the Public Service Standing Order, though positive, faces enforcement challenges. The study recommends that; (a) the heads of departments should implement comprehensive induction programs for their employees on the ethical code of conduct, and Public Service Standing Orders; (b) PDLG should conduct a thorough review of resource allocation and management practices to support employee recruitment to fill gaps.
AUDIT QUALITY AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN NORTHERN UGANDA: THE CASE OF SELECTED NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN GULU CITY_2024_pdf
(Gulu University, 2024-12-08) Ojok Victor
This study sought to establish the relationship between audit quality and financial accountability in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Gulu City. Specifically, this ought to have answered the following questions, how is audit quality assessed in selected NGOs in Gulu city? How is financial accountability carried out in selected NGOs in Gulu City? What is the relationship between audit quality and financial accountability in selected NGOs in Gulu City? To what extent does accounting policies moderate the relationship between audit quality and financial accountability in selected NGOs in Gulu City? The study was done between February 2024 to June 2024. The study was done in selected NGOs in Gulu city. A cross-sectional research design was applied to investigate the different players in the audit quality and financial accountability, which comprised of; Internal auditor, Finance Departments, Program Departments, Monitoring & Evaluation Department. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative data analytical methods. Data was collected by use of structured questionnaires and interview guides. Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sampling technique was used to select 67 sample size from a population of 70 people. The findings were presented by use of tables and charts with frequencies, valid percentages and model Summary, ANOVA was run to determine the relationship between audit quality and financial accountability in selected NGOs in Gulu city. The findings indicate that there is a correlation between audit quality and financial accountability in most of the NGOs in Gulu city such as World Vision (Gulu), Love one international (Gulu), Save the Children International (Gulu), SOS Children Village Uganda (Gulu), Carita Gulu, Gulu Women Economic Development and Globalization (GWED-G) and Thrive Gulu. This has built on the confident of staff,
management and other key stakeholders to the organization. In conclusion therefore, financial accountability is a key factor in the running of every organization
that needs to be taken seriously. However, financial accountability also needs to be carried out hand in hand with audit quality. Cash is the blood that runs through the veins of every organization and it’s a daily activity like recording the date of receipt, its accounting as well as the date of depositing the cheque-draft to the bank account are the same and needs a responsible person who will be responsible for managing all bank transactions.