Development and appraisal of hand wash-wastewater treatment system for water recycling as a resilient response to COVID-19

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dc.contributor.authorOlupot, Peter Wilberforce
dc.contributor.authorMenya, Emmanuel
dc.contributor.authorJjagwe, Joseph
dc.contributor.authorWakatuntu, Joel
dc.contributor.authorKavuma, Tonny
dc.contributor.authorWabwire, Andrew
dc.contributor.authorKavuma, Steven
dc.contributor.authorOkodi Mcmondo, Samuel
dc.contributor.authorNabuuma, Betty
dc.contributor.authorMpagi Kalibbala, Herbert
dc.date.accessioned2023-08-15T10:47:15Z
dc.date.available2023-08-15T10:47:15Z
dc.date.issued2021-07-28
dc.description.abstractIn this work, results from characterization of handwashing wastewater from selected stations in Kampala City, Uganda, revealed that handwashing wastewater did not meet permissible international standards for wastewater discharge to the environment. The ratio of BOD5 to COD of ˂ 0.5 implied that handwashing wastewater was not amenable to biological treatment processes. Turbidity of ˃ 50 NTU pointed to the need for a roughing filter prior to slow sand filtration. Subsequently, a handwashing wastewater treatment system consisting of selected particle sizes of silica sand, zeolite, and granular activated carbon as filtration and/or adsorption media was developed and assessed for performance towards amelioration of the physicochemical and biological parameters of the handwashing wastewater. Treated water from the developed wastewater treatment system exhibited turbidity of 5 NTU, true color of 10 Pt-Co, apparent color of 6 Pt-Co, and TSS of 9 mgL-1, translating to removal efficiencies of up to 98.5%, 98.1%, 99.7%, and 96.9%, respectively. The residual total coliforms and E. coli of 1395 and 1180 CFU(100 mL)-1 respectively, were totally eliminated upon disinfection with 0.5 mL NaOCl (3.5% wt/ vol) per liter of treated wastewater. The treated water was thus suitable for recycling for handwashing purposes as opposed to letting handwashing wastewater merely go down the drain. This approach provides a resilient response to COVID-19, where communities faced with water scarcity can treat and recycle handwashing wastewater at the point of washing. It thus enables more people to have the opportunity to practice handwashing, abating the high risks of infection, which could otherwise arise.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe Government of the Republic of Uganda through Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund Grant No. RIF-000693-06, as well as with support from the Volkswagen Foundation, Grant 96659-1.en_US
dc.identifier.otherhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106113
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14270/211
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.relation.ispartofseries;Vol 9 106113
dc.subjectHandwashingen_US
dc.subjectWastewater treatmenten_US
dc.subjectSanden_US
dc.subjectZeoliteen_US
dc.subjectGranular activated carbonen_US
dc.subjectCOVID-19en_US
dc.titleDevelopment and appraisal of hand wash-wastewater treatment system for water recycling as a resilient response to COVID-19en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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