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'Acholi manyen made us fight': Understanding the metaphor in the former Lord’s Resistance Army female fighters' battle spaces
(Gulu university, 2019) Daniel Komakech
Drawing on from literature on women‘s agency in wars and case studying the various battle spaces occupied by the former Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) female fighters, I seek to argue that the former LRA female fighters' role in the war was unthinkable without the non-utilitarian attitudinalpsycho value motivation construct of Acholi manyen (New Acholi). Therefore, the repertoire of violence participated in by the former LRA female fighters, was constructed around the Acholi manyen, making it pervasive in the LRA war discourse and system. In a sense, I try to validate the point that the stage of the political in the LRA rebellion was majorly the reconstruction of Acholi manyen through re- Acholicisation. This reconfiguration and imagining, was to reconstitute the political, economic and social landscape of Acholi. A transition from the 'outside' - the bush (a metaphor for old Acholi, Acholi B) that was ambiguously inhabited, to the 'inside' - a restructured and re-spatialised continuum. A new 'Jerusalem' (as Acholi manyen was alternatively referred), as placeholder of the normal (Prugl, 2003). Second, by typifying the former LRA female fighter status, I connect to the broader literature on female fighter status (Coulter, 2008) and literature on the motivation of the female fighters.
Contested Landscapes: Environmental Resource Tensions Between Refugees and Host Communities in Ayilo I & II, Adjumani District, Uganda
(International Journal of Advanced Research, 2026-03-20) Okello, R. Moses; Laloyo, A. Stella
ABSTRACT Introduction: Uganda has garnered significant international recognition for its progressive refugee policy, which structurally embeds local integration, the right to work, and access to land, aligning with global commitments under the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF). However, this positive policy facade conceals a complex and fragile landscape marked by profound environmental resource pressure, identity negotiation, systemic institutional weakness, and fragile social cohesion. Methodology: Focusing on long-term refugee-hosting areas, specifically Ayilo I and Ayilo II settlements in Adjumani District, Northern Uganda, this article uses qualitative fieldwork to critically examine how the scarcity of essential resources, land, water, and forest products, interacts with governance gaps, cultural misunderstandings, and perceptions of inequality to structure conflict dynamics. The analytical framework is situated within global and African comparative displacement contexts to illustrate how the combined forces of resource scarcity, rapid demographic shifts, and institutional limitations jointly contribute to environmental conflict in displacement settings. Findings: The core findings demonstrate that environmental resource conflict in Adjumani is simultaneously ecological, institutional, and socio-cultural. Conclusion and Recommendations: The article concludes by advocating for integrated, locally grounded approaches to environmental management and conflict reduction, thereby contributing theoretically to the broader scholarship on resource conflict, forced migration, and the evolving dynamics of refugee-host relations. The study recommends land policy dialogue frameworks, enhancing environmental policies, and including refugee-host representation in local governance.
COVID-19 Prevention Measures: Impact Stories and Lived Experiences of Uganda-based Refugees
(Vienna Journal of African Studies, 2021) Okot, Betty J.; Tenywa Malagala, Aloysius; Awich Ochen, Eric; Muhangi, Denis; . Serwagi, Gloria K
The COVID-19 pandemic is making new demands on society to become more aware of humanity’s oneness and collective vulnerability. The disease has instigated a catalogue of health communication initiatives focused on prevention and containment. Tentative solutions such as social distancing, face masking, hand-washing, and lockdowns have seemingly become the mantras of safety and prevention. Moreover, staying safe entails going against the everyday normal and nearly doing away with that which, defines humanity, namely: socialising (even physical contact), thus, leading to compliance dilemmas. Relying on findings of the mixed methods socio-behavioural study, “Knowledge, adherence and the lived experiences of refugees in COVID-19:A Comparative Assessment of Urban and Rural Refugee Settings in Uganda,” hereafter REFLECT. We show that refugees are in a constant dilemma of choosing either to comply with prevention measures or maintaining the everyday normal. Hence, we reflect on how the prevention-related social restrictions might be increasing refugee vulnerabilities by disrupting their everyday normal. We question whether it is appropriate to view non-compliance as a deliberate act of defiance on the part of refugees when their current positionality hinders amenability. We conclude that, it is vital to understand how refugees’ lived experiences and socio-economic pressures lead to compliance dilemmas.
COW ECONOMY: RECONSTITUTING THE BALALO COW ECONOMY DEBATE
(Document RM/OCD-23-001 Communications Department Roya Miles Transitional Justice Governance Koro, Gulu Highway, Gulu City., 2023) Daniel Komakech
Drawing from the current debate on nomadic pastoralists, particularly on the Balalo, we observe that the bigger problem is that, the Balalo and the nomadic pastoralists’ cow economy, are not able to articulate the rationale of their occupation from a policy language. Besides, nomadic pastoralist economy has since been an informal and not a formal sector and consequently, not understood and considered therefore as economically unviable. We argue that nomadic pastoralist economy is nevertheless, a system that is not anarchic or backward and therefore, not different from other modes of the economy. As a system, it is coherent and rational, with different parts, including a grazing corridor, which once disturbed results into multiple challenges. This is what we are witnessing today, with the case of the Balalo nomadic pastoralists. Similarly, the social, economic and ecological features that enable pastoralist economy and the contribution of the pastoralists to the national economy cannot be considered in isolation, because it is an integrated system. The indigenous economy and knowledge as well as scientific / capitalist economy and knowledge, are all co-existent within the landscape of cow economy. For example, the ecological value of cow and animal movements has been observed as extremely important. Consequently, there is a need to establish: Uganda Livestock Authority (ULA) and a research based Uganda Livestock Research Institute (ULRI), to reinforce the appreciation of nomadic pastoralists as well as, cow economy.
Cow Economy: Reconstituting the Balalo Cow Economy Debate
(RM Transitional Communities Research Discussion Paper Series., 2023-04-01) Komakech, Daniel
Drawing from the current debate on nomadic pastoralists, particularly on the Balalo, we observe that the bigger problem is that, the Balalo and the nomadic pastoralists’ cow economy, are not able to articulate the rationale of their occupation from a policy language. Besides, nomadic pastoralist economy has since been an informal and not a formal sector and consequently, not understood and considered therefore as economically unviable. We argue that nomadic pastoralist economy is nevertheless, a system that is not anarchic or backward and therefore, not different from other modes of the economy. As a system, it is coherent and rational, with different parts, including a grazing corridor, which once disturbed results into multiple challenges. This is what we are witnessing today, with the case of the Balalo nomadic pastoralists. Similarly, the social, economic and ecological features that enable pastoralist economy and the contribution of the pastoralists to the national economy cannot be considered in isolation, because it is an integrated system. The indigenous economy and knowledge as well as scientific / capitalist economy and knowledge, are all co-existent within the landscape of cow economy. For example, the ecological value of cow and animal movements has been observed as extremely important. Consequently, there is a need to establish: Uganda Livestock Authority (ULA) and a research based Uganda Livestock Research Institute (ULRI), to reinforce the appreciation of nomadic pastoralists as well as, cow economy.
Crafting forgiveness accounts after war Editing for effect in northern Uganda
(RAI, 2014-08) Meinert, Lotte; Obika, Julaina A.; Whyte, Susan Reynolds
After two decades of conflict and internment in camps for Internally Displaced Persons (IDP), the Acholi people have returned to their homes and are trying to heal their wounds after the long war in northern Uganda. Bilateral and multilateral donors, NGOs, cultural organizations, and religious institutions are involved in the politically and personally sensitive work of reconciliation. Yet for most people, the actual restoration of peace lies in establishing an everyday life and being able to rebuild relationships with kin, friends and neighbours. In a collaborative project with an installation artist, the authors collected personal voice accounts of these ‘social repair’ processes and audio edited them in order to share them with a local public. The editing process raised critical issues regarding ‘editing for effect’, which are of wider relevance for discussions of ethnographic representation and social processes of editing past experience. As a way of crafting and controlling material, editing is always ‘for effect’. But the authors were struck by the powerful potential of this artistic editing and by the difficulty in foreseeing or controlling its consequences among listeners. They suggest that personal processes of forgiveness resemble processes of editing, in the sense that past experience is revised and given narrative form, with an effect on the present and future of social relationships. When we edit, we foreground and background segments of data and experience and cut parts of our representations. We do so while deciding something is irrelevant and other aspects should ‘stand out’ for the receiver and ourselves as more important.
Dealing with COVID-19 in Africa - Culture and homegrown approach, social enterprises, human rights, and country-related issues
(Research at the University of York St John, 2020-07) OBIKA, Julaina; NDAYISABA, Leonidas; TROUILLE, Jean-Marc; TROUILLE, Helen
The securitisation theory has been used variably to explain global affairs. However, in securitisation literature, the ‘audience’ remains under-researched, often treated as passive and without agency. The Coronavirus, which hit the entire globe in unprecedented ways, has put different types of governments and leaders to the test. Countries around the world are experiencing or experienced either partial or total lockdowns to curb the spread of the virus which saw infections in the millions and deaths in the hundreds of thousands. The government of Uganda, in particular, opted for a total lockdown, with only essential services allowed to operate. Between mid-March and July 2020, President Yoweri Museveni had addressed the nation 16 times, including a state of nation address where he reiterated the lockdown restrictions and guidelines for citizens. At the beginning of the lockdown, Museveni instituted state security machinery to make sure the guidelines were strictly followed. In this paper, I will argue that in Uganda, COVID19, a public health issue, was co-constructed as an existential security threat that inspired motivation and drew animosity from different publics (audiences), with public trust gaining and waning. Governing this animus became the preoccupation of Museveni’s government during the lockdown, putting him at the center stage
Education at the intersection of environmental, epistemic and transitional justices An initial scoping review
(JustEd: Education as and for environmental, epistemic and transitional justice, 2021) izzi O. Milligan; Patricia Ajok; María Balarin; Silvia Espinal; Mrigendra Karki; Daniel Komakech; Gwadabe Kurawa; Carlos Monge; Expedito Nuwategeka; Mohan Paudel; Julia Paulson; Srijana Ranabhat; Paola Sarmiento; Robin Shields; Ashik Singh; Ganesh Bahadur Singh; Rachel Wilder
This paper is the final of four theoretical background papers for JustEd – a research project that aims to understand how secondary school learners' knowledge and experiences of environmental, epistemic and transitional justice, in and out of school, relate to learners’ intended actions with respect to SDG 13 (climate action) and SDG 16 (peace) in Nepal, Peru and Uganda. This paper starts to identify the links between these justices in education and points to the ways that they can be complementary to, and enriching of, social justice perspectives. Through exploring the links across the three justices, we suggest that there are two key relationships between education and these multiple justices. The first is education as a means to achieve different forms of justice in the ways that education can lead to justice, for example, how access to schooling is considered a distribution of resources, or how learning about past conflict could enable positive peace. The second is education as an (un)just space in the ways that teaching/learning processes and social practices in classrooms, schools and in the wider environment reflect and embody different forms of justice.
Exploring transitional justice in educational research Background paper
(University of Bath (UK), www.bath.ac.uk/projects/justed/, 2021-07) Julia Paulson; Silvia Espinal Mrigendra; Komakech Daniel; Gwadabe KurawaSrijana Ranabhat
This paper provides an overview of the development of transitional justice as a field of practice and area of scholarly research before exploring the relationships between education and transitional justice. It has been drafted by members of the JustED team to provide background into one of the types of justice – transitional justice – that the project focuses on. In developing this overview, the paper outlines key elements of the approach that the JustED will take to understanding and engaging with transitional justice, including by arguing for a focus on transformative, reparative transitional justice that includes material, symbolic and pedagogical actions to redress the wrongs of the past, including those linked to colonial, imperial and capitalist oppression and extraction. The second half of the paper introduces the historical and contemporary context for transitional justice in the focus countries of JustEd – Nepal, Uganda and Peru. We show how the transitional justice has developed in each country, to differing degrees, and suggest some of the ways that JustED will particularly focus attention on aspects of transitional justice in education and from young people’s perspectives.
From crisis to context: Reviewing the future of sustainable charcoal in Africa
(Energy Research & Social Science , ElsevierLtd., 2021-12-08) BranchaJok, Adam; Kwaku, A. Frank; Gai ,Anaic; Laloyo ,A. Stella; Bartlett , Ann; Brownell, Emily; Caravani, Matteo; Cavanagh, Joseph Connor; Fennell, Shailada; Langole, Stephen; Mabele, Bukhi Mathew; Mwampamba , Heita Tuyeni; Njenga, Mary; Owor, Arthur; Phillips, Jon; Tiltimamer, Nhial
ABSTRACT Is charcoal a sustainable energy source in Africa? This is a crucial question, given charcoal's key importance to urban energy. In today's dominant policy narrative – the charcoal-crisis narrative – charcoal is deemed incom patible with sustainable and modern energy, blamed for looming ecological catastrophe, and demanding replacement. However, an emerging sustainability-through-formalization narrative posits that charcoal can be made sustainable – specifically, through formalization of production, trade, markets, and consumption technologies. This represents an important opportunity to go beyond the crisis narrative and to engage productively with charcoal. However, this ascendent narrative also risks misrepresenting the reality of charcoal on the continent and leading to inappropriate policies. The narrative's designation of the African charcoal sector as unsustainable at present obscures charcoal production's diverse and uncertain impacts across the continent; moreover, the association of informality with unsustainability obscures a similarly complex and diverse social reality as well as the ways that social processes and relations of power and inequality determine charcoal's sustainability. We argue that charcoal needs to be considered within its historical, social, and environmental contexts to better understand its present and the emergent pathways to sustainable energy futures. We draw upon research that is raising questions about both the charcoal-crisis and the sustainability-through-formalization narratives to argue for a new narrative of charcoal in context. This approaches charcoal as a politically, ecologically, and historically embedded resource, entailing significant socio-ecological complexity across diverse historical and geographical conjunctures, and calling for new agendas of interdisciplinary research with an orientation towards sustainability and justice.
Gender, land rights and fragility in Northern Uganda: the case of Amuru District
(Globe: A Journal of Language, Culture and Communication, 2018) Laloyo, A.Stella
Armed conflicts globally create social and economic shifts that affect women’s and men’s claims to land. Jacobs (2012) explains that land is crucial to the livelihoods and security of many rural women. Asiimwe (2001) and Tripp (1997) note that land rights in most parts of Africa are passed on from the male lineage and women who have lost their lineage ties through widowhood, divorce, not having sons, and separation become vulnerable and may be excluded. . This paper discusses struggles over access, control and ownership rights in relation to land among women and men in Amuru district Uganda. This article is a result of a qualitative study that conducted 10 focus group discussions with 40 women and 40 women in Pabbo, Amuru and Lamogi sub counties of Amuru Sub County and 4 focus group discussions with Area Land Committee members in the above sub counties. My findings indicate that ethnic based land tensions fostered insecurity and instability in the Amuru as people could not walk around freely, access their gardens, were displaced and this in turn affected their ability to make a living through accessing the land. I also found that many women had relational access to land through their marriage and relationship with male kin and this seemed to give them fragile land rights. Men on the other hand had firm control over land and made final decisions relating to sales and land use.
The gendered postconflict city: Possibilities for more livable urban transformations in Gulu, northern Uganda
(Journal of Urban Affairs, 2022-08-10) Harris, John C.; Komakech, Daniel; Monk, David; Davidson, Maria del Guadalupe
Scholars acknowledge that postconflict urbanism is undertheorized and underdeveloped for practical governance or sustainable urban management, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, which has unfortunately experienced significant conflict in the post-independence period. We argue that postconflict redevelopment theory and practice under appreciates liminal spaces and the precarious existence of postconflict people, especially postconflict women. We examine the extant literature on Gulu, Uganda, to develop theory and urban management concepts around the notion of the gendered postconflict city as a unique urban identity and re-center the analysis on the everyday experiences, agency, and city building practices of women. We posit three realities for understanding the gendered postconflict city: (1) the postconflict gendered city is a liminal space beyond the notions of contingency and fluidity often assigned to African cities, (2) it is a place of deep and abiding trauma, and (3) it is a place of invisibility and precarity for women who selforganize to reduce precarity. We make a series of recommendations for postconflict urban management based on these realities that include recognizing liminality in postconflict planning and setting aside the impulse to prioritize the global competitiveness of postconflict cities above all else. These have important implications for NGO and national development practices.
The hard work of reparative futures: Exploring the potential of creative and convivial practices in post-conflict Uganda
(Elsevier, 2023) Moles, Kate; Anek, Florence; Baker, Will; Komakech, Daniel; Owor, Arthur; Pennell, Catriona; Rowsell, Jennifer
In this paper we empirically explore the ways in which young people were enroled in a multimodal exhibition to creatively produce narratives of their past, presents and futures. We look at the different ways this work was framed, and how all memory work and, we argue, future work is relational, interactionally produced and situated in dynamic and unfolding social and political frameworks. We look at the ways young people described the work of producing accounts of their futures within that setting, and the different forms of labour involved in that process. We explore the encounters that fostered local, more humble, acts of care and repair, and how those everyday practices might help build towards reparative futures.
Human–Wildlife Conflict and Livelihood Vulnerability: A Sustainable Livelihoods Framework Analysis from Northern Uganda
(East African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2026-04-07) Aloyo, J. Innocent; Laloyo , A .Stella
ABSTRACT Introduction: Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) remains a major barrier to sustainable development in conservation-adjacent landscapes across Sub-Saharan Africa, where frequent wildlife incursions threaten livelihoods, food security, and social cohesion. In northern Uganda, communities in Lii Subcounty, Nwoya District, face repeated crop destruction, livestock predation, and human injuries, creating complex socioeconomic, environmental, and governance challenges. This study examines the multidimensional impacts of HWC on household livelihoods using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) to capture the interplay of economic, human, social, natural, and physical capital. Methodology: A mixed-methods design was employed, combining 126 household surveys, 6 key informant interviews, and 5 focus group discussions involving 40 participants. Quantitative data measured the scale of economic losses, food insecurity, and livelihood disruptions, while qualitative narratives provided insights into lived experiences, coping strategies, and social dynamics of HWC. Findings: Findings indicate that HWC constitutes a multidimensional shock undermining all five livelihood capitals. Economically, households reported annual losses averaging UGX 5,823,636, with over 57.7% experiencing severe food insecurity. Human capital is diminished through injuries, fatigue, and psychological distress associated with constant farm protection. Women and children bear a disproportionate burden, facing increased labour demands, heightened exposure to risks, and rising incidences of gender-based violence. Social cohesion is eroded by fear, mistrust, and reduced cooperation, while educational outcomes are disrupted as children miss school to guard crops or due to insecurity. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concludes that unresolved HWC represents a multidimensional development and governance crisis that undermines progress toward SDGs 1 (No Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger), 5 (Gender Equality), and 15 (Life on Land). Policy recommendations emphasise integrated, participatory, and gender-responsive strategies: strengthening community-based wildlife management, establishing early warning systems, implementing compensation or insurance schemes for livelihood losses, and aligning conservation policy with local development priorities through adaptive co-management frameworks. These measures are essential to mitigate risks, enhance resilience, and promote sustainable human–wildlife coexistence, ensuring that both conservation objectives and community livelihoods are supported in the long term.
I Forgive to Forget”: Implications for Community Rest get”: Implications for Community Restoration and Unity in Northern Uganda
(University of South Florida, 2018-04) Obika, Julaina A.; Ovuga, Emilio
Imagining futures/future imaginings: creative heritage work with young people in Uganda
(Journal of the British Academy, 2023-11-02) Moles, Kate; Baker, Will; Nono, Francis; Komakech, Daniel; Owor, Arthur ; Anek, Florence; Pennell, Catriona; Rowsell, Jennifer
Drawing on research in Uganda, we describe our project in which we invited young people to think about their lives in ways that opened up creative and hopeful imaginaries of the future. We understand future imaginary work to be a significant part of memory work. An important component in the ways we think about the past is imagining the futures it ties to. We wanted the idea of the future to be something our young participants constructed together, in dialogue and iteratively, so that the project had a sense of collaboration and shared interests. To do so we developed the idea of a touring exhibition through which multiple voices, positions, understandings and values could be accommodated side by side. The article contributes to scholarly and public debates about reparations and memorialisation, particularly by showing the crucial role young people can play in articulating more just futures.
Imagining futures/future imaginings: creative heritage work with young people in Uganda
(the british academy, 2023-12) Kate Moles; Will Baker; Francis Nono; Daniel Komakech; Arthur Owor
Drawing on research in Uganda, we describe our project in which we invited young people to think about their lives in ways that opened up creative and hopeful imaginaries of the future. We understand future imaginary work to be a significant part of memory work. An important component in the ways we think about the past is imagining the futures it ties to. We wanted the idea of the future to be something our young participants constructed together, in dialogue and iteratively, so that the project had a sense of collaboration and shared interests. To do so we developed the idea of a touring exhibition through which multiple voices, positions, understandings and values could be accommodated side by side. The article contributes to scholarly and public debates about reparations and memorialisation, particularly by showing the crucial role young people can play in articulating more just futures.
International fieldschool reciprocity: using a whole-of-university approach to create positive change in Northern Uganda
(HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, 2019-04-02) Munro, G. Paul; Anne L. Bartlett; Dhizaala, T. James; Laloyo, A. Stella; Oguti , O. Sebastian; Sarah Walker
International field schools to developing countries have become an important component of the university curriculum because they provide experiential learning and research skills, while also contributing a range of soft skills such as resilience, empathy, resourcefulness, critical thinking, and cross-cultural communication. Yet, with the increasing popularity of ‘developing world’ field schools, an ever-more pertinent question to ask is, cui bono? Who benefits when relatively ‘privileged’ students from wealthy countries travel to visit ‘underprivileged’ communities in poorer parts of the world? In this article, we contribute to the discussion about field school reciprocity using data from a newly established program in Northern Uganda, established as part of the University of New South Wales’ UNSW2025 strategy. We show that a whole-of-university approach has significant benefits for staff and students from both institutions, more diffuse benefits for the wider Ugandan host community, as well as the potential to create synergies to leverage community transformation. We also look at challenges that include: power differentials, uncertainty in the field environment, sustainability, and the ability to maintain collaborative equity between institutions over the long term.
The ‘Intimate Governance’ of Land in Northern Uganda
(Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2022) Obika, Julaina A.
After the war in northern Uganda, conflicts over land became pervasive. Families, clans, and neighbours often relate through tensions and contradictions over customary land and how it is governed. This article discusses the changing gendered dynamics of the governance of customary land amidst land conflicts in a post-war society. Drawing on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Pader District in the Acholi sub-region, carried out between 2014 and 2016, the paper highlights strategies used by different categories of women involved in land conflicts to perform, communicate, and activate their belonging and attachment to land. Relating the notion of property to how women (re-)position themselves in land conflicts and (re-)construct those positions and their identities on and through land demonstrates how these conflicts in post-war northern Ugandan offer women a way of grounding themselves on customary land. The article therefore advances the notion of ‘intimate governance’ to understand, in particular, women’s increasing role in land governance, suggesting that it is becoming (en-)gendered through land conflicts.
Pastoral education: The missing link in Uganda education system
(Educational Research and Reviews, 2019) Ochieng Sidonia Angom; Waiswa David Claeve
Pastoralism is a production system closely linked with cultural identity that relies on raising livestock on pastures. Studies indicate that over 30 million people in the Great Horn of Africa (Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda) practice pastoralism and agro-pastoralism as a major source of livelihoods. Livestock are their social, cultural, spiritual and economic assets providing food and income for the family within and between generations. Yet this important production system of livelihood as well as socialisation mechanism is missing in the school or university curriculum of these countries including Uganda. With the exception of Tanzania and Ethiopia that have recently designed a curriculum on pastoral studies in their university curriculum, pastoral education has been missing in the school and University curriculum of the Great Horn of Africa school systems yet most of these countries livelihoods depend on pastoralism. From the socialisation perspective, the dynamism surrounding the livelihoods of these communities and/ or families impedes peace in society. Families as social units play very important role of socialisation and recreation therefore, making pastoral education an important element not only from an African traditional context but also from the sociological perspectives. The sense and complex nature of communities and households struggling to improve on their own survival and development through the practice of pastoralism are complex yet central to the maintenance of peace and stability of the communities. The inclusion of pastoral education to the school and university curriculum as a common or cross cutting course unit would introduce undergraduate and postgraduate students to the fascinating and rich world of pastoralism. This would provide the students with knowledge and skills to analyse and understand pastoral systems as they exist today, and the options for their future development in support of national economic growth in a changing world. The curriculum would also help students from different backgrounds to understand how pastoralism functions as a system, its contributions to local, national and global economies and sustainable environmental management, and its role in promoting peace, socialisation, and harmony between pastoral and other communities.

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