Animal Production and Range Management

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Animal Production and Range Management Department of Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Gulu University

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Access to veterinary services and expenditure on pig health management
(Springer, 2020-10-07) Okello, Daniel Micheal; Odongo, Walter; Aliro, Tonny; Ndyomugyenyi, Elly Kurobuza
Pig farming has gained momentum for most smallholder farmers in developing countries as a means of livelihood and household incomes. However, prospects of the pig enterprises are constrained by pig health management issues which affect both its productivity and profitability. Using a cross-sectional survey of 240 smallholder pig farmers, we assessed factors influencing farmers’ access to veterinary services and expenditure on pig health management in northern Uganda. Data was analysed using the binary logit and censored tobit regression models. Access to veterinary services was significantly influenced by pig herd size (p < 0.05), Village Savings and Loan Association (VSLA) membership (p < 0.1), breed (p < 0.05), production system (p < 0.05) and number of health issues recorded on farm (p < 0.01). Education level (p < 0.01), farming household members (p < 0.05), pig herd size (p < 0.01), breed (p < 0.05), previous disease incidences (p < 0.05), household labour available (p < 0.1) and access to veterinary services (p < 0.01) significantly influenced pig health expenditure. Efforts to improve access to veterinary services and improve pig health management should focus on promoting more intensive production systems and improved breeds that are associated with better access to veterinary services and reduced cost of pig health management.
Africa-United States joint curriculum development of a Master of Science degree in international infectious disease management at Makerere University
(2017-05-06) Majalija, Samuel; Owiny Okello, David; Khaitsa, Margaret Loy; Freeman, Douglas; Ekiri, Abel; Ssemadaali, Marvin; Kaneene, John Baligwamunsi; Kabasa, John David
Trans-boundary infectious diseases and zoonoses once thought to be limited by geographical demarcations are now a constant threat to global animal and human health, trade, food security, and socio-economic wellbeing. Many colleges and schools worldwide are training students to serve as professionals who will improve animal health, public health and food security globally. With this realization, Makerere University and North Dakota State University (NDSU) developed the first US-Africa trans-Atlantic degree addressing integrated disease management and international biosecurity. Both institutions received a grant from United States Department of Agriculture, Higher Education Challenge program to develop a joint Master of Science degree in International Infectious Disease Management (MS-IDM). This grant also funded four graduate students´ stipend and research. Additionally, the two institutions received funds through “Capacity building in Integrated Management of Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (CIMTRADZ)” project that supported students from Uganda. Faculty from CIMTRADZ participating institutions offered short term training to MS-IDM students, including workshops at The International Scientific Boma and conference in Uganda. A joint degree (MS-IDM) was developed in 2011. Ten MS-IDM students graduated and over 20 fellowships were awarded. Student exchange and joint mentorship of students by faculty at both institutions occurred. There were challenges experienced and valuable lessons learnt. The MS-IDM degree provided opportunities for human capacity development to manage transboundary animal diseases and zoonoses in East and Central Africa. This paper describes the curriculum development, challenges experienced and lessons learned, and informs future similar endeavors in internationalizing curricula in higher education.
Alone or a combination: ascertaining factors associated with choice of pig health management strategies amongst smallholder farmers in northern Uganda.
(Elsevier, 2022-12-17) Okello-Owiny., David; Ndyomugyenyi, Elly Kurobuza; Odongo, Walter; Aliro, Tonny; Okello, Daniel Micheal
Pig production is an important farm enterprise for an increasing number of smallholder farmers due to its potential for improving household incomes. The sector is however faced with high burden of health issues that limit most farmers from realizing the benefits. In order to improve management of pig health for smallholder farmers, an understanding of the major health issues and factors associated with farmers' choice of the pig health management strategies are paramount. Using a cross-sectional survey of 240 smallholder pig farmers in northern Uganda, this study assessed the factors associated with the use of different pig health management practices adopted by smallholder pig farmers. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and two different regression models. Binary Probit Regression model was used to assess factors associated with the use of a single pig health management strategy, while, Generalized Poisson Regression model was used to assess the factors associated with the number of pig health management strategies used by the farmers. Results showed that the common health issues were African Swine Fever, lice, worms and mange, while the common strategies for health management involved self-administering antibiotics, consulting veterinarians, deworming, spraying with acaricides, selling the sick pigs, treatment with local herbs, and burying dead pigs. These pig health management strategies were influenced by farmers location, experience, age, access to extension, use of information and communication technologies, and use of processed feeds. This study recommends improving farmers' access to relevant information and expanding veterinary extension services by promoting the use of radio and mobile phones in pig health management.
An assessment of pig feed diversity amongst smallholder pig farmers in Northern Uganda
(Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2021-07-02) Okello Daniel Micheal; Odongo Walter; Aliro Tony; Ndyomugyenyi Elly
Pig production has a high potential for increasing household incomes of both rural and urban smallholder farmers. However, this opportunity is constrained by the high cost of feeds and its scarcity. As such, farmers usually feed pigs on multiple feed resources within their reach. Although the diversity of pig feeds is important in overcoming the challenges, there is limited information on how this can be achieved, and the factors influencing it. Using a cross-section of 240 pig farming households, this study assessed how socio-demographic, technical and institutional factors influenced household pig feed diversity. Statistical analysis was performed at p < 0.1, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), respectively. Results showed that marital status (p = 0.012), household size (p = 0.085), number of crop (p = 0.008) and other livestock enterprises (p = 0.055), ownership of mobile phone (p = 0.091), buying feeds (p = 0.005), and use of radio (p = 0.032) and friend as sources (p = 0.002) of agricultural information had a positive significant influence on household pig feed diversity. Additionally, age (p = 0.042), land size owned (p = 0.085) and breed [rearing local (p = 0.009) and crosses (p = 0.000) as opposed to exotic breeds] had a negative significant influence on household pig feed diversity. The study recommends that focus should be placed on improving access to farm inputs, agricultural and market information for smallholder pig farmers so as to improve pig feed diversity and subsequently enhance production and productivity. Radio and mobile phone technologies are opportunities that can support information sharing.
Black soldier flies as a latent driver to attaining selected SDGs in a developing country context- the case of Uganda
(Sustainable Environment, 2025-03-17) Kasima, Junior Senyonga; Mugonola,Basil; Menya, Emmanuel; Ndaula, Sulaiman; Ndyomugyenyi, Elly Kurobuza
In developing countries, minimal progress has been made towards the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This is because of low investment in innovations towards this endeavor. In this paper, 143 peer-reviewed journal articles and non-journal sources were reviewed to explore the potential of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) rearing as a cost-effective innovation for achieving SDGs 1, 2, 3, 7, and 13. Uganda was chosen for its median position among developing countries, making its practices adaptable to countries on either side of the scale. BSF can contribute to the attainment of the five SDGs through its products and/or services, including environment-friendly waste management, larvae for animal feeds, frass for organic fertilizer, and chitin for pharmaceutical use. This review discusses the significant potential of integrating BSF into strategies to achieve the selected SDGs in a developing country. However, the limited data on organic waste generation could not permit precise statistical estimates of BSF’s potential contribution to each SDG. Future studies, supported by reliable data, should precisely assess the feasibility of BSF rearing as a cost-effective innovation for attaining the SDGs. Future research should also explore the influence of policy and consumer behavior on the adoption and utilization of BSF-based products.
Boer goat production in Kikatsi Sub County, Kiruhura District, Uganda
(Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2013-06-02) Arineitwe, I; Ndyomugyenyi, E K
A study was conducted to assess the contribution of Boer goats to household incomes in Kikatsi Sub County, Kuruhura District. A total of 60 households were used for the study in five different parishes in the sub county. Data were collected using structured questions, observations, and interviews. Secondary sources of data were also reviewed. Respondents (93.4%) who kept between 1and 60 Boer goats were more than those (86.7%) who kept a similar number of indigenous goats. However, there was a small difference of 1.6% between respondents who kept 21 - 40 indigenous goats (43.3%) and those (41.7%) who kept a similar number of Boer goats. The number of Boer goats (78.3%) heavier than 26 kg was higher than that of indigenous goats (51.7%) with similar weights. The market price of the goats was dependent on the weight of the individual goat but not the breed type. Respondents (93.3%) who sold 1 - 4 Boer goats per month were more than those (86.7%) who sold a similar number of indigenous goats indicating that Boer goats contributed more to farmers’ income than indigenous goats. The main limitations to Boer goat production were lack of capital (95%), shortage of established cultivated pasture and fodder crops (90%), poor goat management skills (81.7%), and lack of veterinary services (75%). The other source of income for farmers was cattle keeping (75%) although some farmers (13.3%) also grew crops such as bananas for income generation. The study showed that Boer goats contributed to household incomes and people adopted the new intervention of Boer goat production.
Brucellosis: Community, medical and veterinary workers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Northern Uganda
(International Journal of One Health, 2017-05-05) Muloki Nabirye, Harriet; Erume, Joseph; Nasinyama, George William; Kungu, Joseph Morison; Nakavuma, Jesca; Ongeng, Duncan; Okello Owiny, David
Aim: This study aimed at determining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community, medical and veterinary workers regarding brucellosis. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at selected health facilities in Apac, Gulu, Lira, and Pader districts of Northern Uganda using a standardized questionnaire. A total of 251 patients testing positive for brucellosis using the Brucella plate agglutination test, 59 medical and 29 veterinary workers were studied. Chi-square test at 95% confidence level was used to analyze data. Results: Only 8% patients, 15.3% medical, and 21.4% veterinary workers were knowledgeable on transmission methods and symptoms for brucellosis and knowledge differed according to the level of education among patients (p=0.001), medical (p=0.001), and veterinary workers (p=0.012). Over 80% patients, medical and veterinary workers had a positive attitude. Only 8% patients, 13.6% medical, and 7.1% veterinary workers had good practices regarding brucellosis control. Conclusion: Poor knowledge, poor practices, and positive attitude provide an opportunity for health education and policy formulation for the control of brucellosis. The prevalence studies of human and animal brucellosis are recommended to determine the magnitude of the problem.
Brucellosis: Community, Medical and Veterinary Workers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Northern Uganda
(International Journal of One Health, 2017-05-05) Nabirye, Harriet Muloki; Erume, Joseph; Nasinyama, George William; Kungu, Joseph Morison; Nakavuma, Jesca; Ongeng, Duncan; Owiny, David Okello
This study aimed at determining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community, medical and veterinary workers regarding brucellosis.A cross-sectional study was conducted at selected health facilities in Apac, Gulu, Lira, and Pader districts of Northern Uganda using a standardized questionnaire. A total of 251 patients testing positive for brucellosis using the Brucella plate agglutination test, 59 medical and 29 veterinary workers were studied. Chi-square test at 95% confidence level was used to analyze data.Only 8% patients, 15.3% medical, and 21.4% veterinary workers were knowledgeable on transmission methods and symptoms for brucellosis and knowledge differed according to the level of education among patients (p=0.001), medical (p=0.001), and veterinary workers (p=0.012). Over 80% patients, medical and veterinary workers had a positive attitude. Only 8% patients, 13.6% medical, and 7.1% veterinary workers had good practices regarding brucellosis control. Poor knowledge, poor practices, and positive attitude provide an opportunity for health education and policy formulation for the control of brucellosis. The prevalence studies of human and animal brucellosis are recommended to determine the magnitude of the problem.
Characterization of the Chemical Composition of Raw and Treated Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) and Java Plum (Syzygium Cumini) Beans for Poultry Feeding
(Journal of Animal Science Advances, 2014-11-30) Ndyomugyenyi, E. K.; Okot, M. W.; Mutetikka, D.
The chemical composition of Jackfruit beans (JFB) and Java plum beans (JPB) was investigated to establish their nutritive value for poultry. The beans were soaked in water before subjecting them to the following treatments: fermented in presence of wood ash (SFWA); boiled (SB); roasted (SR); autoclaved (SA); fermented after boiling (SBF); roasted after fermentation (SFR); and a combination of boiling, fermentation and roasting (SBFR). Screening to identify phytochemical compounds and quantify anti-nutrients in the raw beans; determining the content of anti-nutrients in treated beans were conducted. Additionally, proximate composition, minerals, and metabolisable energy (ME) of raw and treated beans were determined. Most (>70%) phytochemical compounds in raw JFB and JPB were anti-nutrients and included sterols, triterpenes, courmarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and steroid glycosides. Raw JFB and JPB had 1.11, 2.44% tannins; 1.00, 1.54 % oxalates; 0.754, 0.714% phytates respectively. Tannins in raw JFB were reduced by 88.7, 88.5, 85.9 and 84.5% in SFR, SBF, SB and SBFR treatments respectively. Oxalates in JFB were reduced by 85.3% and 81.2% in SBF and SBFR treatments respectively. Proximate composition, minerals, and ME of raw JFB and JPB was 92.5, 91.0% DM; 15.1, 4.42% CP; 0.983, 0.400% EE; 4.20, 3.44% CF; 3.78, 2.17% ash; 74.0, 88.6% NFE; 13.3, 13.2 MJ/kg ME; 0.456, 0.430% Na; 0.611, 0.481% Ca; 0.222, 0.088% P; 1.53, 0.895% K respectively. The method of treatment had no effect (P˃0.05) on CF of JFB. Method of treatment had a significant (P˂0.05) effect on CP, NFE, ME, DM, ash, P, K, Na, and Ca for JFB. Method of treatment had no significant (P˃0.05) effect on CF and CP for JPB but DM, ash, EE, NFE, ME, P, K, Na, and Ca were affected (P˂0.05). The SBF and SBFR reduced tannins and oxalates from raw JFB by more than 80%. The major nutrient in JFB and JPB is energy.
Determinants of technical efficiency of pig production systems in northern Uganda: a Stochastic Frontier approach
(Springer Nature, 2024-12-04) Caleb I. Adewale; Elias Munezero; Elly K. Ndyomugyenyi; Basil Mugonola
Meat consumption, particularly the consumption of pork, has increased substantially in most developing countries. In response, various production systems are being employed by pig farmers to produce pork to cover the demand-supply gaps. However, little is known about the technical efficiencies of these underlying production systems. This study examined the technical efficiency of smallholder pig production systems in northern Uganda using cross-sectional data. The study surveyed 240 pig farmers randomly selected and used descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier analysis to examine the data collected. Results revealed that age, access to credit, household size, education level, years of pig farming experience management system, and access to extension services were the key determinants of technical efficiency in the farrow to finish pig production system. Technical efficiency in the farrow to weaner pig production system was influenced by household size, level of education, access to credit, access to extension services, and management system. In the weaner-to-slaughter pig production system, determinants of technical efficiency included age, household size, access to credit, access to extension services, and breed of pigs. The study recommends that policies that would ensure sufficient access to credit by pig producers should be enacted to enhance production. Pig producers should be urged to wisely use credit received for the expansion of their pig farms rather than for other uses. Further, extension services tailored to pig production systems should be made available to pig farmers to enhance output and technical efficiency and to bridge the information gap between research institutes and the farmers.
Dynamics of Cyanogens and In-Vitro Degradability of Cassava Peels as an Indicator of its Nutritional Value as Animal Feed
(Livestock Research for Rural Development, 2015-06-03) Taabu, H.L.; Ndyomugyenyi, E.K.; Mutetikka, D.; Wasswa, D.
The in-vitro degradability of cassava peels and its relationship with the cyanogenic potential of five cassava varieties grown in Uganda was investigated to study the potential of cassava peels as an energy source in animal feeds. The cassava varieties included NASE 3, NASE 4, NASE 10, TME 14 and Tongolo. The first four varieties were considered to be of low to medium cyanogenic potential (CNp), while the last one contained high CNp. Cassava peels had 25.5 ± 6.6% dry matter (DM), 86.6 ± 0.9% organic matter (OM) and 56.8 ± 5.8% neutral detergent fibre (NDF). Degradability of DM, OM and NDF was 74.8± 4.2%, 74% ± 7.5% and 44.2 ± 7.5% respectively. Total cyanogenic potential and free hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the fresh peels ranged from 923 to 2815 and 33 to 676 mg HCN equivalent kg-1 DM respectively. These levels dropped by 27- 88% and over 90% respectively, when the peels were dried. For all varieties, the residual cyanogenic potential after drying the peels fell within the safety limits recommended by FAO/WHO for food and feed. The study showed that using fresh peels in sufficient amounts for feeding animals, particularly monogastrics, is potentially harmful due to high cyanogenic potential. Drying the peels can, however, reduce the cyanide toxicity risks. The low NDF degradability reduces the nutritional value of cassava peels if they are used as a sole source of energy in ruminant diets.
EFFECT OF INDIGENOUS MICRO-ORGANISM TREATMENT OF DEEP LITTER FLOOR ON NUTRIENT CONTENT OF PORK
(African Crop Science Journal, 2020-10-02) Kidega, K.; Ndyomugyenyi, E.K.; Okello-Uma, I.
Pork meat consumption and its products are constrained by high fat content, particularly high composition of saturated fatty acids. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of indigenous micro-organism (IMO) treatment of deep litter floor, on nutrient content in pork of pigs raised on IMO treated and untreated deep litter floor. Twenty four three-months old pigs (Large White x Landrace) were raised on deep litter floor; one floor type treated with IMO solution and the control not treated. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in the amount of saturated, mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated, cis, trans and omega-6, 7 and 9 fatty acids in pork of pigs raised on IMO treated and untreated deep litter floor; with more unsaturated fatty acids in pork of pigs raised on deep litter floor without IMO treatment (63%) than pigs kept on deep litter floor with IMO (37%). Therefore, deep litter floor treatment with IMO solution does not affect nutrient contents in pork, but enhances the composition of unsaturated fatty acids. Further research should be conducted on the mechanisms by which deep litter floor whether treated or untreated with IMO solution modifies fatty acids composition in pork.
Effect of Different Floor Types on Growth Performance of Pigs and Carcass Back-Fat Thickness
(London Journal of Research in Science: Natural and Formal, 2021) Kidega, K.; Aliro, T.; Mugonola, B.; Ndyomugyenyi, E. K.; Okello-Uma, I.
Pig production (Sus scrofa domesticus) amongst smallholder farmers is constrained by poor growth performances in terms of feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and, high proportion of carcass back-fat thickness to lean meat. This study investigated the effect of floor types on growth performance of pigs and carcass back-fat thickness of pigs raised on IMO treated deep litter floor, untreated deep litter floor and concrete floor.Three-month old pigs (Large White x Landrace) were raised on a deep litter floor and concrete floor (control); one type of deep litter floor was treated with IMO solution and one type not treated. No significant (P≥0.05) difference were observed in feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass back-fat thickness at the back from the 15th rib to the last Lumbar vertebrae, at gluteus medius muscle and the thigh of pigs raised on both concrete floor, IMO treated and untreated deep litter floor.
Effect of substituting a commercial grower diet with fermented sweet potato vine-cassava tuber-based diet on the performance of growing pigs
(African Journal of Rural Development, 2021-06) KASIMA, J. S.; MUGONOLA, B.; ALIRO, T.; NDYOMUGYENYI, E. K.
In Uganda, the major limitation to pig production is the high cost of quality feeds. Consequently, smallholder farmers resort to using non-conventional feedstuffs within their surroundings, which are seasonal and do not solely meet the nutritional requirements of the pigs. In order to reduce feed costs, this study assessed the performance of growing pigs fed on a mixture of a commercial diet and a fermented composite of commonly used local feedstuffs namely sweet potato vines (SPV), cassava tubers (CT) and rice bran (RB). A completely randomised block design with two treatments (diets), each replicated three times was adopted for the study. The diets were; commercial diet (control), and a 1:1 mixture of commercial diet and fermented sweet potato vine-cassava tuber-rice bran composite. The chemical composition of SPV, CT and RB varied, with SPV having the highest crude protein (10.8%), CT having the highest digestible energy (3032 Kcal/kg) and RB having the highest crude fibre (20.3%). The crude protein content of the commercial feed was higher (16.5 %) than that of the mixture (13.33 %), while the mixture had a higher crude fibre content (11.6 %) than the commercial feed (6.3 %). However, the fat content and digestible energy content of the two diets did not differ. Grower pigs fed on the commercial diet registered higher daily weight gains and better feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) than those fed on the 1:1 mixture of the commercial diet and fermented composite. Therefore, feeding the 1:1 mixture of commercial and fermented SPV-CT-RB feeds to pigs lowered the performance of grower pigs and did not meet the goal of reducing feeding costs. Further research should be conducted at different levels of substitution of the commercial with the mixed feed to establish the combination that can reduce feeding costs without compromising the performance of the pigs.
Effect of substituting a commercial grower diet with fermented sweet potato vine-cassava tuber-based diet on the performance of growing pigs
(African Journal of Rural Development, 2021-06-30) NDYOMUGYENYI, E. K.; ALIRO ,T.; ODONGO, W.; OKOT, M.W.
Pig production is one of the significant enterprises with the potential to improve protein nutrition and livelihoods of smallholder farmers. However, pig production is constrained by high cost of feedstuffs, hence an urgent need to search for low-cost feeding alternatives. This paper assessed the nutritional value of home-made alternative feed comprised of sweet potato vines, cassava tubers and rice bran (SPV-CT-RB) for growing pigs. Pig diets were formulated with SPV-CT-RB substituting commercially made concentrate by 0, 30 and 45%. Sweet potato vines had more protein (15.2%) than SPV-CT-RB (11.3%), rice bran (7.17%) and cassava tubers (1.99%). Cassava tubers had more energy (12.1 MJ/kg) than SPV-CT-RB (11.1 MJ/kg), sweet potato vines (11.0 MJ/kg) and rice bran (10.7 MJ/kg). Except for feed conversion ratio, substituting the commercially made concentrate with SPV-CT-RB diet did not affect (p≥0.05) the body weight gain, feed intake and cost of producing pork. The SPV-CT-RB diet can be included in growing pig diets up to 45% without compromising with the feed intake, body weight gain and cost of producing pork.
Evaluation of the nutritional value of soaked-boiled fermented Java plum (Syzygium cumini) seed meal for poultry
(African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2016-06-30) Ndyomugyenyi, E. K.; Okot, M. W.; Mutetikka, D.
Chemical analysis, apparent metabolizable energy (MEn), and one feeding trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of Java plum seeds (JPS) that had been subjected to a combination of soaking, boiling, and fermentation (SBF). Five broiler starter diets were formulated with the processed Java plum seed meal (JPSM) comprising 0, 80, 160, 240, and 320 g/kg of the diet. The JPS before and after processing contained 910±5.30 and 888±6.10 g DM; 44.2±0.940 and 48.1±1.02 g CP; 886±9.90 and 888±6.54 g NFE; and 13.2± 0.165 and 13.3±0.154 MJ calculated metabolizable energy; 24.4±1.33 and 9.17±0.940 g tannins per kg, respectively. The MEn value of the processed JPSM was 14.7±0.973 MJ/kg. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), and feed efficiency (FCR) of broiler chicks decreased (R2 Ëƒ 0.850) with increasing JPSM in the diet. At 80 and 320 g/kg inclusion, FI, WG, and FCR were depressed by 16.0 and 34.1%, 20.2 and 42.5%, and 4.90 and 12.5%, respectively. Liver, heart, and pancreas weights relative to body weight were not significantly (P Ëƒ 0.05) affected. However, caecum, gizzard, and intestine weights increased (R2 Ëƒ 0.800), while the heart weight decreased (R2 = 0.772) with increasing JPSM in the diet. At 80 and 320 g/kg JPSM inclusion, weights of caecum, intestine, and gizzard increased by 48.5 and 68.2%, 18.8 and 43.5%, and 9.55 and 19.2%, respectively. Inclusion of JPSM in chick diets adversely (P < 0.05) affected nitrogen retention (NR), nitrogen digestibility (ND), dry matter digestibility (DMD), and excreta water content (EWC). At 320 g/kg JPSM inclusion, NR, ND, DMD, and EWC were depressed by 30.8, 12.6, 0.42, and 2.45%, respectively. No mortality was recorded at 320 g/kg JPSM inclusion. The SBF did not improve the nutritional value of JPS for poultry production.
Genetic Characterization of Alupe Napier Grass Accessions Based on Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
(American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2015-02-24) Kawube, Geofrey; Kabirizi, Jolly; Namazzi, Clementine
Genetic variability of 23 Napier grass clones, 22 of which were collected from Kenya Agricultural Research Institute – at Alupe in Kenya was determined using 17 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. All markers were polymorphic with the most discriminative being PSMP2267. Average gene diversity among the Napier grass clones was 0.54 with an average heterozygosity of 0.63. Total number of alleles across all loci was 90 with mean number of alleles per locus of 5.29 and a mean polymorphic information content of 0.50. Results also indicate a high genetic distance among the Napier grass clones with the most distant clone being 16814 while the closest was between kakamega1 and kakamega2 and kakamega2 and kakamega3. Principal Co-ordinates Analysis did not group the clones in a definitive structure, with most clones scattered. However, the SSR markers grouped the clones into two clusters derived from a dendogram generated by Neighbour joining analysis with clone 16814 being alone in a cluster. Clone Kakamega1, Kakamega2 and Kakamega3 as very closely related. These findings are key in guiding selection of clones for inclusion in breeding programs and conservation of Napier grass
Genetic Diversity in Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Assessed by SSR Markers
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2015-06-15) Kawube, Geofrey; Alicai, Titus; Wanjala, Bramwel; Njahira, Moses; Awalla, Juma; Skilton, Robert
Understanding of genetic diversity among Napier grass is very important for selection and improvement of Napier grass breeding population. This study determined the genetic diversity among the farmer preferred, wild(local) and selected ILRI gene-bank Napier grass clones using 23 SSR markers selected from pearl millet, maize and sorghum. The results indicated polymorphism among the SSR markers, revealing a total of 339 alleles of which 27.1% alleles were unique, occurring either only in local, farmers-preferred or ILRI clones. Similarly, genetic diversity and observed heterozygosity were highest in the local than in farmers’ preferred and least in the ILRI gene-bank clones. The clones clustered in two groups with a few overlaps, although most of the farmer’s grown Napier grass clones grouped with those from ILRI genebank and clone P99, emphasizing their genetic relatedness. Therefore, the unique alleles revealed in the local clones may be associated with adaptability to local environments. These alleles could, therefore, be exploited for genetic improvement of the farmer-preferred Napier grass.
Hepatitis E viral infection in pigs from north-eastern Uganda: a case study of Amuria and Napak Districts.
(Medwell Publications, 2022-01-17) David O., Owiny; Patrick, Etiang; Peter, Waiswa; Gabriel, Tumwine; Charles D., Kato; Peter, Cheli; Mary G., Kulume; Francis O., Inangolet; Joseph, Erume; Pius, Okello; Kokas, Ikwap
Hepatitis E is a zoonotic viral disease and swine are regarded as the major reservoirs. The aim of this study was to find out the sero-prevalence and risk factors of HEV in pigs from Napak District in Uganda where an outbreak of human HEV was reported in 2013/2014 and in the neighboring district of Amuria. Additionally, farmers’ level of awareness and knowledge about livestock hepatitis was investigated. A total of 352 sera samples were tested; 302 from Amuria and 50 from Napak using a commercial indirect ELISA kit (ID vet, France). A pretested structured questionnaire was administered to a total of 139 respondents at every site of sample collection. The sero-prevalence was 84% in Napak and 14.6% in Amuria. Overall prevalence was 24%. The sero-prevalence was significantly higher in Napak as compared to Amuria District (p<0.05, χ2 = 112.0056). Therefore, pigs more likely to be seropositive were from Napak District (p = 0.000, OR = 30.334, CI = 11.847-77.672) and those from households without latrines (p = 0.02, OR = 3.482, CI = 1.568-7.733). In addition, 8.6% of the respondents knew of hepatitis in livestock and 7.9% knew that it spreads to humans. Meanwhile, 1.4% were aware of its possible control in humans by vaccination. This study reported a high sero-prevalence of HEV than previously reported in Uganda and a very low level of awareness among respondents about hepatitis in livestock. The study recommends other studies to identify more risk factors of infection, genotyping of the HEV and sensitizing communities about viral hepatitis in livestock.
In-situ morphological characterization of indigenous chicken Ecotypes in Uganda
(Ecological Genetics and Genomics, 2022-09-01) Beyihayo, Geoffrey Akiiki; Ndyomugyenyi, Elly Kurobuza; Echodu, Richard; Kugonza, Donald
Genetic improvement of indigenous chickens (IC) is hindered by limited knowledge on the various chicken Ecotypes. This study characterized and assessed the genetic diversity of nine (9) IC Ecotypes based on quantitative morphological traits. A total of 576 IC (288 cocks and 288 hens) were sampled from 288 households across the 9 agro-ecological zones of Uganda. Data on linear morphological traits and live weight of IC were collected using a field guide developed by African Union Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources (AU-IBAR, 2015). Over-all, body live weight (LWT), shank/tarsus length (SL), drumstick length (DL), thorax circumference (TC) and body length (BL) of IC varied significantly (P < 0.05) across Ecotypes except tarsus circumference (TAC) of cocks. Cocks and hens on average weighed 2.2 ± 0.53 and 1.6 ± 0.58 kg respectively. On average, SL, DL, TC, BL, TAC was 9.8 ± 1.23, 4.9 ± 2.50, 16.2 ± 1.63, 38.4 ± 5.96, 24.7 ± 4.93 cm for cocks and 7.8 ± 1.04, 3.9 ± 0.53, 13.2 ± 1.42, 33.8 ± 5.29, 21.3 ± 4.37 cm for hens respectively. Body weight and linear morphological traits except TAC were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by Ecotype. Principal component analysis based on live body weight and morphological linear traits did not identify any distinct chicken Ecotype. The disparity in weight estimation models further emphasizes the ecologically induced variations across Ecotypes. Therefore, the current study confirms the morphological and more so genetic similarity implying genetic improvement can be achieved through selection of superior IC across Ecotypes.

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